Pavement leveling machine with means for reducing effects of bumps



July 20, 1965 c. w. HATCHER PAVEMENT LEVELING MACHINE WITH MEANS FORREDUCING EFFECTS OF BUMPS 3 Sheets-Shet 1 Filed Nov. 3. 1961 CECIL w.HATCHER INVENTOR M Q 2 M R 8 mm R S w Q o 8 E 8 9. Ne E m\|1 J N v. J Vmo/ 2: HP 8 2 W0 .u; UIHC, o m n a 9 h o Q on #0 H m w mm w c3 Q: Q mm2:

ATTORNEY c. w. HATCHER 3,195,957 PAVEMENT LEVELING MACHINE WITH MEANSFOR REDUCING EFFECTS OF BUMPS Filed Nov.- 3. 1961 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 July20.1965

H w I M W y. D U

so /---so 46 2 a4 47 48 L l i 1 m 72 /79 WII!!! l 73 74 s7 f f 56 u 4945 I|""'- I 1 W 1.. "I

CECIL W. HATCHER INVENTOR ATTORNEY July 20, 1965 c. w. HATCHER PAVEMENTLEVELING MACHINE WITH MEANS FOR REDUCING EFFECTS OF BUMPS 3 Sheets-Sheet3 Filed Nov. 5. 1961 S, i Q1 95 EEO an S A: EO mmwmz CECIL W. HATCHERINVENTOR ATTORNEY United States Patent 3,195,957 PAVEMENT LEVELKNGMACHINE WITH MEANS FOR REDUCING EFFECTS 0F BUMPS Cecil W. Hatcher, WestCovina, Calif assignor to Concut, Inc, a corporation of California FiledNov. 3, 1961, Ser. No. 150,039 6 Claims. (Cl. 293 433) The inventionrelates to a bump cutter with means for reducing effect of bumps andmore particularly it relates to a self-propelled vehicle havingrotatable abrasive wheels for removing bumps from concrete paving suchas aircraft landing fields, floors and the like.

The invention is an improvement on the bump cutter disclosed and claimedin the following co-pcnding applications, S.N. 615,937 filed October 15,1956, for Concrete Bump Cutter, referred to hereafter as Case A nowPatent No. 3,007,687, November 7, 1961; SN. 706,138 filed December 30,1957, for Concrete Bump Cutter, referred to hereafter as Case B nowPatent No. 3,037,755, June 5, 1962; S.N. 132,183 filed August 17, 1961,for Steering Control for Self-Powered Cutting Machine, division of CaseB which is a continuation of Case A, referred to hereafter as Case C,now Patent No. 3,087,712, April 30, 1963.

In Case A the sensitivity of the machine is reduced to relatively minorirregularities of the surface of the paving by supporting the cutter,for height adjustment, on an elongated frame having a wheel support at alonger distance from the cutter than its vehicle support, whereby thevariation in the height of the cutter is only a fraction of thevariation in the height of the outer end of such elongated frame as itsfront wheel rides over the paving.

In Case B the invention is directed to an arrangement where in the rearof the vehicle frame is pivotally connected to a truck having front andrear wheels which in fact are driving wheels, the truck thus acting as arear extension frame somewhat of the same general nature as the frontextension frame, to reduce the vertical motion at the rear of thevehicle frame in proportion to the lever arms between the front and rearwheels of the truck and the truck pivot.

In Case C the invention is directed to an improved remote steeringcontrol for the self-powered cutting machine.

For reasons explained in connection with Cases B and C, it is importantto reduce the error in the height of the cutter following the action ofthe front wheels, noting that while the front wheels reduce the error,they do not eliminate it, for the reason that such error is reflectedinto the action of the rear wheels to cause a further error in theheight of the cutter. In other words, the accuracy with which the heightof the cutter is maintained depends on the combined action of both thefront and rear wheel supports. It has been found that the accuracy alsodepends upon the presence or absence of chattering of the cutter.

The present invention has for an object to further improve the accuracywith which the level of the cutter is maintained. This is accomplishedby providing an im proved bump reducing support for the front wheelsuspension for the extension frame, by providing an improved rear wheelsuspension wherein a bump at one side of the machine is not reflectedinto the undesired movement of the other side of the machine, the Widthof the cutter head being preferably greater than the width of the rearwheels, and the provision of a hydraulic cylinder and control forsnubbing or holding down the cutter to its work, or for raising thecutter head from its work. An important object is to provide PatentedJuly 20, 1965 such an improved rear wheel suspension comprisinglaterally spaced rear wheel frames having tandem rear wheels driven by atransverse drive shaft on which the rear wheel frames are pivotallymounted independently of each other. Preferably the motor for operatingthe cutter shaft is mounted on the rear of the extension frame, thehydraulic cylinder and piston being connected at their opposite ends tothe vehicle frame and the extension frame, with means for supplyingfluid pressure to the opposite ends of the cylinder, the pressure whensupplied to one end of the cylinder acting to raise the cutter head fromits work, and when supplied to the other end of the cylinder, assistingthe weight of the motor which drives the cutter shaft to snub the cutterand hold it down to its work. Preferably the hydraulic cylinder has aseparate control for the alternative operation of lifting the cutterfrom its work, with coarse and fine controls for the snubber inlet andfor the raise out inlet.

For further details of the invention, reference may be made to thedrawings wherein FIG. 1 is a view in side elevation of a bump cutteraccording to the present invention.

P16. 2 is an enlarged sectional view on line 2-2 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a sectional view on line 3-3 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view on line 44 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view on line 5-5 of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of the hydraulic control mechanism employed inconnection with the invention.

Referring in detail to the drawings, the vehicle 1 has a vehicle frame 2at the front end of which is rotatably mounted a cutter head 3 on acutter shaft 4 having a pulley 5 connected by belt 6 to the pulley 7 onthe engine 8. Cutter head 3 is disclosed and claimed in Cases A and Band comprises a series of abrasive discs on the cutter shaft withseparators for leaving a series of ridges in the pavement, or theabrasive discs may be spaced close enough to make a substantially smoothcut. The engine 8 as shown at 9 is mounted on the rear end of anextension frame 10. Extension frame 10 as shown in FIG. 2 has oppositearms 11 and 12, being somewhat U shaped. The rear end of the extensionframe 10 has a hinge connection on a horizontal axis, as shown at 13,with an upright post 14 at each side of the vehicle frame 2, one ofthese posts being shown in FIG. 1 at 14.

The front end of extension frame 10 has a hinge connection 15 on ahorizontal axis with the front truck 16 which has a rear caster wheel 17and a front wheel 18 for steering. The hinge connection 15 includessuitable bearings 19 on the frame 10, the bearing 20 on the truck 16 anda hinge pin or shaft 21.

The front wheel 18 has an axle 22, see FIG. 3, carried by a bracket 23fixed to a vertical shaft 24 having a bearing 25 on the body 26 of thetruck and a further bearing 27 in a housing 28 fixed to the body 26. Thedistance from cutter head 3 to the front wheel means 'or truck 16 isgreater than the distance from cutter head 3 to the rear wheel means orrear truck 43.

The shaft 24 at its upper end has a worm wheel 29 meshing with a worm 3trotatably supported on a horizontal axis by bearings 31 and 32 carriedby the casing 28. The worm 3%? is connected by a universal coupling 33to a short steering rod section 34, the latter having a connectionthrough the universal coupling 35 with the front end of the inclinedsteering rod 36. Steering rod 36 has bearing supports on the extensionframe 10 as indicated at 37, 33 and 39. Bearing 39 is a self aligningbearing having a swivel mount to permit steering rod 36 to pivot abouthinge 13 while the steering rod is supported from vehicle frame 2 bybearing 39. The rear end of extension rod 36 has a handle or steeringWheel 40 accessible to an operator for whom a seat 41 is provided, thisseat being mounted as shown at 42 on the vehicle frame 2;

As the front of the extension frame 10, which determines the heightofthe cutter head 3 as described later, ismounted by the hingeconnection 15 at an intermediate point on the front truck 16, any bumpencountered by the forward travel of the front wheel 18 will be reducedin its effect on theexten sion frame 10 in proportion to the relativedistances involved between the hinge connection 15 and the wheels 17and-18. i

The effect of bumps at the rear of the machine during itsforward travel,is reduced as follows: V

The rear of the vehicle frame '2 is supported by a rear truck 43 whichis composed of two truck members 44 and 45 arranged side by side, seeFIG; 4.

Truck member 45 has front and rear driven Wheels'46 and. 47 having axles48 and 49 having bearing supports 51, 52 and 53, 54 on the truck frame55. Axle 48 has a sprocket 6 and axle 49 has a sprocket 57. Similarly,the other truck member 44 has a truck frame 58 having bearings '59 and60 for axle 61 of rear driven wheel 62. Also, truck frame 58 hasbearings 63, 64 for the axle 65 of front driven wheel 66. Axle 61 has asprocket 67 and axle 65 has a sprocket 68. v a V I 4 A drive shaft 70extends across the middle of both of the truck; members 44'=and' 45having a sprocket 71 connected by chain 72 to sprocket 56, also having asprocket 73 connected by chain 74 to sprocket 57, also having a sprocket75 connected by a chain 76 to sprocket 68, a sprocket 77 connected bychain 78 to sprocket 67,and a central sprocket 79 connected by chain 80,see FIGS. 1 and 4, to :a gear box 81-, see FIGS. 1 and 6, which isdriven by the hydraulic motor 82. I

In FIG. 4, the line 113' shows that the width of the cutter head 3 in anaxial direction is greater, -viz., 24 inches, then the width totheoutside edges of the wheels of truck 43, viz., 23 inches. The wheels ofthe truck 43 thus rideon the path cut by the cutter head 3.

The vehicleframe 2 as shown in Cases A to C has laterally spaced sidearms 83 and 84, see FIG. 4, the rear ends of which are supportedbybearings 85 and 86 on the opposite ends 87 and 88 of the drive shaft70 which thus serves as a hinge connection for the rear end ofthevehicle frame 2, at a horizontal axis intermediate the frontfend andrear wheels of thetruck members44 and 45'. The truck member or wheelframe 44 is hingedly connectedto the drive shaft 70 by means ofbearings-44', and; the truck member or wheel frame 45 is similarly114and 115 leading tothe reservoir 98.

hingedly connected to the drive shaft 70 by means of bearings 45. Boththe hinge connection just described for the rear end of vehicle frame 2and the use of individual truck members 44 and 45 contribute to reducingthe effect onthe cutter head 3 of bumps encountered by the rear truck 43as the vehicle moves in a forward direction. I

As shown in FIG. 1, a hydrauliclcylinder 90, see also FIG. 6, has a'hinge connectionv 91 with the extension frame 10, and: having a piston92 andplunger 93 having a hinge connection 94 with a U shapedbr-acket95, which as shown in Cases A to C has opposite vertical armsstop 97 to limit the downward movement of, and determine the height ofthe cutter head 3. As described in connection with FIG. 6, means areprovidedfor supplyng hydraulic pressure to the opposite ends of cylinder90, to either raise the cutterhead 3, or to use the hy- 4 sideredgenerally, includes a reservoir 98, a hand pump 99 for delivering fluidto one end of the cylinder to snub the cutter head'3' down in engagementwith the pavement, a gear pump having its inlet connected to thereservoir, a two way valve 106 for delivering fluid from the pump 105 tothe other end of the cylinder 90 through conduit 118 to lift the cutterhead clear of the pavement, a three-way valve .109 for delivering fluidfrom the pump 105 to the hydraulic motor 82 through conduits 123 or 124,selectively, to drive the motor in one direction or theother to cause itto drive the vehicle 1 forwardly or rearwardly, and an adjustable reliefvalve 112 for controlling the fluid pressure of, fluid to'the hydraulicmotor 82 irrespective of the direction in which it is driven; Flu-iddumped by relief valve'112 flows through the conduit extendingdownwardly therefrom to conduit 121 and'back to reservoir '98.- The handpump 99 and the valves 106, 109 and 112 are so located that they arereadily accessible from the 'operatoris seat 41.

Considering the hydraulic systemin more detail, the hand pump 99 is ofthe reciprocating type and includes a plunger 113 reciprocable by apivoted handle 100, the

check valve associated with the plunger 113 locks the cutter-head 3 inits snubbed condition. As will be apparent, :snubbing the cutter head 3in this manner locks the vehicle and extension frames 2 and 10 together,and makes them in effect a single rigid frame, to apply the maximumpossible Weightto the cutter head 3 to maintain it in engagement withthe pavement without chattering;

When it is desired to release the snubbing action, a relief valve 103 isopened to connect the l-ine 101 to lines The valve106 is operated by ahandle 107. When it is in one position, other than'neutral, it deliversfluid to a line 118 leading to a cutter head lifting port 108. When itis desired to lowertlie cutter head 3, relief valve 119 is opened andfluid is returned to the reservoir 98 by Way of lines 118, 120, 121,111and 115. When the valve 106 is in its neutral position, it permits fluidfrom the pump 105 to flow to the valve 112 and to the valve 109.

The valve 109 is a three-way valve operable by a handle When the valve109 is in a neutral position, it receives. fluid from the .pumpy105through the line 1'16, and returns it to. thereservoir 98 through a line122 and the lines 111 and 115. Under such conditions, the hydraulicmotor 82.is inoperative and the vehicle 1 is stationary. e

To drive the vehicle 1 in the forward direction, the valve 109 is placedin an "operating position such that fluid under pressure from thepump105 is delivered to one side of the hydraulic motor 82 through aline 123, the spent-fluid being returned tofthe reservoir through'a line124 and the lines 122, 111' and 115. Conversely, whenit. is desired. topropel the vehicle'l in thereve-rse direct on, the valve 1 09 'isset inaposition to deliver fluid under pressure from the pump 105 to. theopposite side of thehydraulic motor 82through the line 124. Under suchconditions, spentfl'uid is returned to the reservoir draulic pressureand ythe weight of engine 8 to snub the cutter head 3 and'hold it to'itswork. Turning to FIG. 6 of-the drawings, diagrammatically illustrated,therein is a hydraulicsystem which, conthroughthe lines 123, 122, 111and 1 15.-

I claim: 7 1. In a vehicle-type, pavement leveling machine, thecombination of: V

(a) frame means having longitudinally spaced front and rear ends;

(b) front wheel means connected to and supporting said frame meansadjacent said front end thereof; (c) a rear wheel assembly connected toand supporting said frame means adjacent said rear end thereof;

(d) rotary cutter means mounted on said frame means intermediate saidfront wheel means and said rear wheel assembly, and rotatable about ahorizontal axis extending transversely of said frame means, for cuttinga relatively wide and level path in pavement over which the machineruns;

(c) said rotary cutter means being spaced forwardly from said rear wheelassembly a first longitudinal distance, and said front wheel means beingspaced forwardly from said rotary cutter means a second longitudinaldistance which is large as compared to said first longitudinal distanceso that any tendency of bumps encountered by said front wheel means tomove said rotary cutter means vertically is reduced in proportion to theratio of said first longitudinal distance to said second longitudinaldistance;

(f) said rear wheel assembly being behind and in line with said rotarycutter means and the transverse width of said rotary cutter meansexceeding that of said rear wheel assembly so that said rear wheelassembly runs on the relatively wide and level path cut by said rotarycutter means to minimize any tendency of bumps in the pavement to causesaid rear wheel assembly to move said rotary cutter means vertically;

(g) said rear wheel assembly including two transversely spaced rearwheel frames each having two rear wheels rotatably mounted thereon intandem; and

(h) means mounting said rear wheel frames on said frame means forindependent pivotal movement of said rear wheel frames about atransverse horizontal axis intermediate said tandem rear wheels on saidrear wheel frames to further minimize any tendency of bumps in thepavement to cause said rear wheel assembly to move said rotary cuttermeans vertically.

' 2. In a self-propelled, vehicle-type, pavement leveling machine, thecombination of:

(a) frame means having longitudinally spaced front .and rear ends;

(b) front wheel means connected to and supporting said frame meansadjacent said front end thereof; (c) a rear wheel assembly connected toand supporting said frame means adjacent said rear end thereof;

((1) rotary cutter means mounted on said frame means intermediate saidfront wheel means and said rear wheel assembly, and rotatable about ahorizontal axis extending transversely of said frame means, for cuttinga relatively wide and level path in pavement over which the machineruns;

(c) said rotary cutter means being spaced forwardly from said rear wheelassembly a first longitudinal distance, and said front wheel means beingspaced forwardly from said rotary cutter means a second longitudinaldistance which is largeas compared to said first longitudinal distanceso that any tendency of bumps encountered by said front wheel means tomove said rotary cutter means vertically is reduced in proportion to theratio of said first longitudinal distance to said second longitudinaldistance;

(f) said rear wheel assembly being behind and in line with said rotarycutter means and the transversed width of said rotary cutter meansexceeding that of said rear wheel assembly so that said rear wheelassembly runs on the relatively wide and level path cut by said rotarycutter means to minimize any tendency of bumps in the pavement to causesaid rear wheel assembly to move said rotary cutter means vertically;

(g) said rear wheel assembly including two transversely spaced rearwheel frames each having two rear wheels rotatably mounted thereon intandem;

(b) means mounting said rear wheel frames on said frame means forindependent pivotal movement of said rear wheel frames about atransverse horizontal axis intermediate said tandem rear wheels on saidrear wheel frames to further minimize any tendency of bumps in thepavement to cause said rear wheel assembly to move said rotary cuttermeans vertically; and

(i) means on said frame means and connected to said rotary cutter meansand said rear wheels for driving said rotary cutter means and at leastone of said rear wheels on each of said rear wheel frames.

3. A self-propelled, vehicle-type, pavement leveling machine as setforth in claim 2 wherein said front wheel means includes a front wheelframe having tandem front wheels rotatably mounted thereon, said front.wheel frame being pivotally connected to said frame means for pivotalmovement relative thereto about a transverse horizontal axisintermediate said tandem front wheels, thereby further reducing anytendency of bumps encountered by said front wheel means to move saidrotary cutter means vertically.

4. A self-propelled, vehicle-type, pavement leveling machine as setforth in claim 2, including:

(a) rear main and front extension frames together constituting saidframe means and each having front and rear ends;

(b) said main frame having said rotary cutter means and said rear wheelassembly mounted thereon adjacent its said front and rear ends,respectively;

(c) said extension frame having said front wheel means mounted thereonadjacent its said front end;

(d) means pivotally connecting said rear end of said extension frame tosaid main frame, intermediate said front and rear ends of said mainframe, for relative pivotal movement about a transverse horizontal axis;and

(e) abutting stop means on said front end of said main frame and on saidextension frame for supporting said front end of said main frame on saidextension frame.

5. A self-propelled, vehicle-type, pavement leveling machine as setforth in claim 4 including means interconnecting said extension frameand said front end of said main frame for raising and lowering saidfront end of said main frame to raise and lower said rotary cutter meansout of and into engagement with the pavement.

6. In a self-propelled, vehicle-type, pavement leveling machine, thecombination of:

(a) frame means having longitudinally spaced front and rear ends;

(b) front wheel means connected to and supporting said frame meansadjacent said front end thereof;

(c) a rear wheel assembly connected to and supporting said frame meansadjacent said rear end thereof;

(d) rotary cutter means mounted on said frame means intermediate saidfront wheel means and said rear wheel assembly, and rotatable about ahorizontal axis extending transversely of said frame means, for cuttinga relatively wide and level path in pavement over which the machineruns;

(e) said rotary cutter means being spaced forwardly from said rear wheelassembly a first longitudinal distance, and said front wheel means beingspaced forwardly from said rotary cutter means a second longitudinaldistance which is large as compared to said first longitudinal distanceso that any tendency of bumps encountered by said front wheel means tomove said rotary cutter means vertically is reduced in proportion to theratio of said first longitudinal distance to said second longitudinaldistance;

(f) said rear wheel assembly being behind and in line with saidrotary'cutter means and the transverse width of said rotary cutter meansexceeding 1 that of said rear wheel assembly so that said rear wheelassembly runs on the relatively wide and level path cut by said rotarycutter means to minimize any tendency of bumps in the pavement to causesaid rear Wheel assembly to move'said rotary cutter means vertically;(g) said rear wheel assembly including twotransversely spaced rear wheelframes each having two rear wheels rotatably mounted thereon in tandem;(h) said rear wheel assembly. further; including a transverse horizontaldriveshaft rotatably mounted on said frame means;

(i) said rear wheel frames being independently pivotally mounted on saiddrive shaft, intermediate the tandem rear wheels on said rear wheelframes, so as to further minimize any tendency of bumps in the pavementto cause said rear wheel assembly to move said rotary cutter meansvertically;

8 (j) said rear wheel assembly additionally including drivingconnections between said drive shaft and at least one of said tandemrear wheels on each of said rear wheel frames;and (k)'means. on saidframe means and connected to said rotary cutter means and-said driveshaft for driving said rotary cutter means and said 'drive shaft.

. References Cited'by the Examiner V UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,084,8101/14 Messer 262-71 1,145,893 7/15 Hewitt 18022 1,791,865 2/31 Fordyce2627.1 2,222,904 11/40 Heaslet 280-92 2,295,085 9/42 Keehn 280-81.52,718,270 9/55 Wattset a1; '180-22 2,890,872 6/59 Hall 262-71 CHARLES E.OCONNELL, Primary Examiner. BENJAMIN HERSH, Examiner.

1. IN A VEHICLE-TYPE, PAVEMENT LEVELING MACHINE, THE COMBINATION OF: (A)FRAME MEANS HAVING LONGITUDINALLY SPACED FRONT AND REAR ENDS; (B) FRONTWHEEL MEANS CONNECTED TO AND SUPPORTING SAID FRAME MEANS ADJACENT SAIDFRONT END THEREOF; (C) A REAR WHEEL ASSEMBLY CONNECTED TO AND SUPPORTINGSAID FRAME MEANS ADJACENT SAID REAR END THEREOF; (D) ROTARY CUTTER MEANSMOUNTED ON SAID FRAME MEANS INTERMEDIATED SAID FRONT WHEEL MEANS ANDSAID REAT WHEEL ASSEMBLY, AND ROTATABLE ABOUT A HORIZONTAL AXISEXTENDING TRANSVERSELY OF SAID FRAME MEANS, FOR CUTTING A RELATIVELYWIDE AND LEVEL PATH IN PAVEMENT OVER WHICH THE MACHINE RUNS; (E) SAIDROTARY CUTTER MEANS BEING SPACED FORWARDLY FROM SAID REAR WHEEL ASSEMBLYA FIRST LONGITUDINAL DISTANCE, AND SAID FRONT WHEEL MEANS BEING SPACEDFORWARDLY FROM SAID ROTARY CUTTER MEANS A SECOND LONGITUDINAL DISTANCEWHICH IS LARGE AS COMPARED TO SAID FIRST LONGITUDINAL DISTANCE SO THATANY TENDENCY OF BUMPS ENCOUNTERED BYU SAID FRONT WHEEL MEANS TO MOVESAID ROTARY CUTTER MEANS VERTICALLY IS REDUCED IN PROPORTION TO THERATIO OF SAID FIRST LONGITUDINAL DISTANCE TO SAID SECOND LONGITUDINALDISTANCE; (F) SAID REAR WHEEL ASSEMBLY BEING BEHIND AND IN LINE WITHSAID ROTARY CUTTER MEANS AND THE TRANSVERSE WIDTH OF SAID ROTARY CUTTERMEANS EXCEEDING THAT OF SAID REAR WHEEL ASSEMBLY SO THAT SAID REAR WHEELASSEMBLY RUNS ON THE RELATIVELY WIDE AND LEVEL PATH CUT BY SAID ROTARYCUTTER MEANS TO MINIMIZE ANY TENDENCY OF NUMPS IN THE PAVEMENT TO CAUSESAID REAR WHEEL ASSEMBLY TO MOVE SAIDROTARY CUTTER MEANS VERTICALLY; (G)SAID REAR WHEEL ASSEMBLY INCLUDING TWO TRANSVERSELY SPACED REAR WHEELFRAMES EACH HAVING TWO REAR WHEELS ROTATABLY MOUNTED THEREON IN TANDEM;AND (H) MEANS MOUNTING SAID REAR WHEEL FRAMES ON SAID FRAME MEANS FORINDEPENDENT PIVOTAL MOVEMENT OF SAID REAR WHEEL FRAMES ABOUT ATRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS INTERMEDIATE SAID TANDEM REAR WHEELS ON SAIDREAR WHEEL FRAME STO FUTHER MINIMIZE ANY TENDENCY OF BUMPS IN THEPAVEMENT TO CAUSE SAID REAR WHEEL ASSEMBLY TO MOVE SAID ROTARY CUTTERMEANS VERTICALLY